Esse artigo é particularmente relevante porque aborda o principal ponto crítico das técnicas de neuromodulação: segurança neurológica, especialmente em uma população biologicamente vulnerável como pacientes com Epilepsy.
Síntese científica do estudo
A revisão sistemática avaliou a segurança do uso de Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) em indivíduos com epilepsia resistente a medicamentos.
Foram analisados:
- 46 estudos publicados entre 1990 e 2015
- 426 pacientes
- diferentes protocolos de:
- frequência
- intensidade
- tipo de bobina
- local de estimulação
- número de pulsos
Resultados principais
Eventos adversos
18,3% dos participantes apresentaram algum efeito adverso:
18.3%
Mas:
- 85% foram leves
- os sintomas mais comuns foram:
- cefaleia
- tontura
A cefaleia/tontura apareceu em:
8.9%
Risco de convulsão induzida
O achado mais importante foi o risco bruto de convulsão:
2.9%(95% CI: 1.3−4.5)
Porém existe um detalhe crucial:
- quase todas as crises observadas eram compatíveis com o padrão clínico habitual dos próprios pacientes
- apenas 1 crise foi considerada “atípica”
E essa crise ocorreu:
- com estimulação de alta frequência
- em intensidade máxima
- em um protocolo específico de speech arrest mapping
Ou seja:
o problema parece mais relacionado a parâmetros agressivos do protocolo do que ao rTMS em si.
O que isso significa cientificamente?
O estudo sugere que:
- o rTMS possui perfil de segurança relativamente aceitável,
- mesmo em pacientes com predisposição a convulsões.
Isso é extremamente relevante porque:
se a técnica mostra tolerabilidade em epilepsia,
a tendência é que o risco em indivíduos saudáveis seja ainda menor quando os protocolos são bem controlados.
Relação com os estudos de esporte e performance
Esse artigo ajuda a sustentar a expansão das pesquisas de:
- Intermittent Theta-Burst Stimulation
- Neurofeedback
- neuromodulação esportiva
nos estudos que você enviou anteriormente.
O racional é:
- modular excitabilidade cortical,
- melhorar recrutamento neural,
- reduzir fadiga central,
- otimizar desempenho cognitivo e motor,
mas mantendo um nível aceitável de segurança.
Limitações destacadas pelos autores
Os autores também foram cautelosos:
- muitos estudos tinham pequenas amostras
- protocolos muito heterogêneos
- variáveis importantes não controladas
- frequência basal de crises poderia alterar o risco
Portanto:
o artigo não afirma que rTMS é “isento de risco”, mas sim que:
o risco parece relativamente baixo e manejável dentro de protocolos adequados.
Conexão interessante com o artigo do Kansas Squat Test
No estudo de iTBS que você compartilhou:
- foi usado:
- 100% do motor threshold
- protocolo curto
- M1 (córtex motor primário)
- 600 pulsos
Esses parâmetros estão muito alinhados com protocolos considerados seguros na literatura moderna de neuromodulação.
Isso ajuda a explicar por que:
- não houve eventos adversos relevantes,
- e os autores reforçam o potencial do iTBS como ferramenta ergogênica e de reabilitação.
. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26970993/ 2016 Apr;57(Pt A):167-176.
doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.01.015. Epub 2016 Mar 10.
Luisa Santos Pereira 1, Vanessa Teixeira Müller 2, Marleide da Mota Gomes 2, Alexander Rotenberg 3, Felipe Fregni 4
Affiliations Expand
- PMID: 26970993
- DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.01.015
Abstract
Approximately one-third of patients with epilepsy remain with pharmacologically intractable seizures. An emerging therapeutic modality for seizure suppression is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Despite being considered a safe technique, rTMS carries the risk of inducing seizures, among other milder adverse events, and thus, its safety in the population with epilepsy should be continuously assessed. We performed an updated systematic review on the safety and tolerability of rTMS in patients with epilepsy, similar to a previous report published in 2007 (Bae EH, Schrader LM, Machii K, Alonso-Alonso M, Riviello JJ, Pascual-Leone A, Rotenberg A. Safety and tolerability of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with epilepsy: a review of the literature. Epilepsy Behav. 2007; 10 (4): 521-8), and estimated the risk of seizures and other adverse events during or shortly after rTMS application. We searched the literature for reports of rTMS being applied on patients with epilepsy, with no time or language restrictions, and obtained studies published from January 1990 to August 2015. A total of 46 publications were identified, of which 16 were new studies published after the previous safety review of 2007. We noted the total number of subjects with epilepsy undergoing rTMS, medication usage, incidence of adverse events, and rTMS protocol parameters: frequency, intensity, total number of stimuli, train duration, intertrain intervals, coil type, and stimulation site. Our main data analysis included separate calculations for crude per subject risk of seizure and other adverse events, as well as risk per 1000 stimuli. We also performed an exploratory, secondary analysis on the risk of seizure and other adverse events according to the type of coil used (figure-of-8 or circular), stimulation frequency (≤ 1 Hz or > 1 Hz), pulse intensity in terms of motor threshold (<100% or ≥ 100%), and number of stimuli per session (< 500 or ≥ 500). Presence or absence of adverse events was reported in 40 studies (n = 426 subjects). A total of 78 (18.3%) subjects reported adverse events, of which 85% were mild. Headache or dizziness was the most common one, occurring in 8.9%. We found a crude per subject seizure risk of 2.9% (95% CI: 1.3-4.5), given that 12 subjects reported seizures out of 410 subjects included in the analysis after data of patients with epilepsia partialis continua or status epilepticus were excluded from the estimate. Only one of the reported seizures was considered atypical in terms of the clinical characteristics of the patients’ baseline seizures. The atypical seizure happened during high-frequency rTMS with maximum stimulator output for speech arrest, clinically arising from the region of stimulation. Although we estimated a larger crude per subject seizure risk compared with the previous safety review, the corresponding confidence intervals contained both risks. Furthermore, the exclusive case of atypical seizure was the same as reported in the previous report. We conclude that the risk of seizure induction in patients with epilepsy undergoing rTMS is small and that the risk of other adverse events is similar to that of rTMS applied to other conditions and to healthy subjects. Our results should be interpreted with caution, given the need for adjusted analysis controlling for potential confounders, such as baseline seizure frequency. The similarity between the safety profiles of rTMS applied to the population with epilepsy and to individuals without epilepsy supports further investigation of rTMS as a therapy for seizure suppression.
Keywords: Adverse events; Epilepsy; Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; Safety; Seizure.
Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Inc.
Comment in
- Response to “Safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with epilepsy: A systematic review” by Luisa Santos Pereira and colleagues.Seynaeve L, Van Paesschen W.Epilepsy Behav. 2016 Sep;62:308. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.07.002. Epub 2016 Aug 1.PMID: 27492628 No abstract available.
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Publication types
MeSH terms
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Epilepsia Partialis Continua
- Epilepsy / diagnosis
- Epilepsy / therapy*
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Patient Safety*
- Seizures / etiology
- Seizures / therapy*
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / methods*
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